Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption

Abstract Homomorphic encryption has been created to improve services in cloud computing. The encryption will enable organizations to use cloud computing in analyzing and mining data. Public cloud providers need the intervention of homomorphic encryption to promote security on the access of information.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Researchers have suggested that this system has the ability of analyzing information without decrypting (Geiselmann Steinwandt, 2002). It shows that homomorphic encryption develops a key that performs mathematical operations on encrypted data and enables the same results on unencrypted information (Kalai, 2003). Therefore, the connection between functions on unencrypted data and operations to be done on encrypted information in defined as homomorphism. Studies have showed that this invention would be use d to provide security on the Internet because many people access this media to seek information. The growth of technology has made people consult the Internet using cloud providers such as Google and Yahoo. Communication Homomorphic encryption assists companies to encrypt their database of emails and post them to the cloud. The cloud assists the company to use the stored information to confirm how its workers are collaborating. Initially, when a firm is installing the new system, it may be able to run a few basic programs. However, as it continues with the system, it can apply it to all other operations. This indicates that after the data has been stored in the database, it can be downloaded without exposing any information (Lipmaa, 2005). The access of information on the Internet may be dangerous because other competitors may be able to access policies that the firm plans to initiate to dominate the market. Companies have classified information which should not be accessed by every one. Therefore, when competitors are able to get such information, they can use it against the company. The company should device a safety device which will protect data from other cloud users. Some systems break down, and, as a result, people are able to get information stored. In this case, homomorphic encryption protects such information from being reached as the system is being reset. Firms face competition from other companies, which offer similar goods or services (Limpaa, 2005). These competitors will work to outshine other so as win customers and dominate the market. The company may use the information acquired to develop strategies so as to fulfill its interest.Advertising Looking for research paper on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above information shows that homomorphic encryption promotes business by safeguarding the firm’s data. Homomorphic encryption enables programs to be effectively ev aluated so as produce encryption on the output. The system has an enormous impact on outsourcing of private programs such as cloud computing. During the invention period, the system was challenging because people did not believe in full homomorphic encryption. It was supporting evaluation of an unlimited number of additions but could offer functions to one multiplication. The homomorphic encryption scheme is given as c =pq + m where c symbolizes the cipher text, m the marked text message, p is the key and q the random number (Mulmuley Sohoni, 2002). Addition, subtraction, and multiplication described the function of homomorphic encryptions. This system is efficient in arithmetic because it involves small numbers, which could be solved in parallel. Arithmetic performance is improved with the application of Residue Number System, RNS. Security Homomorphic computations are designed to function on data without exposing or accessing actual modulus so as to ensure security of data in pro grams. It promotes the confidentiality of data by adding confusion to the modulus. This indicates that, in cloud computing, homomorphic encryption transforms the modulus randomly through multiplication. Gentry (2010) indicates that a fully homomorphic encryption scheme was announced in 2009. This scheme supported evaluation of low polynomials on encrypted data (Endsuleit, Geiselmann, Steinwandt, 2002). According to Craig, the security of this scheme overlooked two problems, which were low weight sum problems and worst case on ideal lattices. The cipher texts in Gentry’s scheme did not depend on the length of the operations that evaluated encrypted data. Instead, it relied on the number of operations the computation time performed. Homomorphic computation promotes confidentiality by distributing the program to various clouds, and it verifies that the outcome of the cloud is exactly valid (Canetti, Krawczyk, Nielsen, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research pape r sample on Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This shows that homomorphic encryption prevents clouds from tampering with the module. It follows by developing a strategy to each cloud, which can reduce the impact of security because of collusion. This shows that researchers at every level were working on how to protect data from being accessed by unnecessary people. Cloud computing involves a network of machines to a single program for efficient monitoring and significant service delivery. However, these machines are independent in their operation. Therefore, homomorphism promotes confidentiality of information. It protects them from being reached by other machines on the Internet, and protects the security of data. Last but least, homomorphic encryption can make the computation on multiple systems so as to compare results. The client can use several ways to make sure that the cloud does not access the module set because it can affect the confidentiality of the program. References Canetti, R., Krawczyk, H. Nielsen, J. B. (2003). Relaxing chosen-cipher text security. In Proc. of Crypto ’03, pages 565-582. Endsuleit, R.W. Geiselmann, Steinwandt, R. (2002).Attacking a polynomial-based cryptosystem: Polly Cracker. Int. Jour. Information Security, (1):143-148. Geiselmann, W. Steinwandt, R. (2002).Cryptanalysis of Polly Cracker. IEEE Trans. In- formation Theory, (48):2990-2991. Gentry, C. (2010). Computing arbitrary functions of encrypted data. Commun. ACM, 53(3):97–105, 2010Advertising Looking for research paper on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kalai. A. (2003) Generating Random Factored Numbers, Easily. J. Cryptology, vol. 16, no. 4, pages 287-289. Lipmaa. L (2005). An Oblivious Transfer Protocol with Log-Squared Communication. Proc. of ICS ’05 pages 314-328, Mulmuley, K. Sohoni, M. (2002). Geometric complexity theory I: An approach to the P vs. NP and related problems. SIAM J. Comput., 31(2):496-526. Van Dam, W., Hallgren, S. Ip, L. (2006). Quantum algorithms for some hidden shift problems. In Proc. of SODA ’03, pages 489{498. SIAM J. Comput. 36(3): 763-778. This research paper on Explanation of Homomorphic Encryption was written and submitted by user Samiyah Suarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Evolution of Attraction

The Evolution of Attraction Free Online Research Papers The evolution of sex is the hardest problem in evolutionary biology. -John M. Smith One of the most curious problems of the human condition pertains to sexual diversification amongst men and women. It is apparent that the physiology of both sexes differs to some degree. Both men and women have different reproductive organs yet, there seems to be a lot more going on underneath the surface. Why do men find women attractive? Why do women find men attractive? Mating rituals have changed over the course of history, but has basic human biology? The Truth is Stranger with Friction Sex isn’t the only way of reproduction but it’s what humans ended up with. The reasoning behind this, sexual intercourse is crucial for staving off parasitic invasion. In evolutionary terms, sexual intercourse allows for diversification of genes, which are combined during reproduction. This combination of genes allows for greater diversification and a better chance of combating microscopic intruders that don’t have time to adapt. There is ample evidence for this across many sexually reproducing species (Zimmer, 2001). Man on Top Men rule. Well, at least they think they do. Throughout the greatest epochs of history, humans have never recorded a matriarchal society. There have only been those dominated by males. This shouldn’t come as a surprise to anyone that has even heard the word history. Think about the word history or his-story. The word comes from the Greek word historia which is a derivative of the word historein which means â€Å"to inquire.† Unfortunately for women, the etymology of the word keeps rooting itself further as historein derivative is formed from â€Å"history† or â€Å"learned man.† So obviously man has dominated certain aspects of language. But does this mean they have dominated humanity sexually? In short, yes. Men have been genetically qualified to run around on the Savannah and acquire the capital to help diversify their genetics (evolutionarily speaking). For most mammals, the male becomes the king. Paul Ehrlich qualifies this with his research in apes. Gorilla males are almost twice as large as their female counterparts and exhibit larger canine teeth. This is tell-tale of male dominated societies where the males vie for access to the most plentiful harem of women (177) and is commonly referred to as Sexual Dimorphism, a theory whereby the size of a male is a measurement of sexual selection for mates. Ehrlich goes on to transpose this theory into a more human aspect. Homo erectus was the first to show a closer dynamism between human ancestry and their contemporary. The size differences were closer to humans of today (about 15-20 percent) which is probably due to selection that aimed to reduce battles over dominance or a perhaps a result of growing intelligence used to joc key for positioning in mating hierarchies. So then, are women more likely to be attracted to men that fight in the UFC rather than paint pictures and gather flowers? Fear not poets and future laureates of the Nobel Prize, all is not lost. It seems that though size is advantageous for men to dominate women, bigger isn’t better and certainly not always in charge. It’s Not the Size of the Jaw Line, it’s the Motion in the Evolutionary Environment of Adaptation What women want; it is a question that men have tried to solve for centuries. Leave it to dull scientific instrumentation to offer one of the best answers. Yes, women seem to be the more complicated sex. This is all in a fine attempt by Mother Nature to ensure only the best genes get passed on. If Mother Nature had a direct line, she would receive a lot of correspondents explaining to her of countless failures. But Mother Nature still persists and it’s the thought that counts and here are a few thoughts as to how women vary from men when choosing a potential partner. Women have it much more difficult than men. Choosing a mate can be a bigger decision for a woman than choosing career paths or even the type of mortgage they will be fixed at for the next thirty years. After all, the job, even if it turns out to be less than spectacular, can be exchanged for a new one. A house with a fixed mortgage can always be sold. A child that springs forth from a relationship cannot however and this is a weighty idea. Nine months of gestation as well as possible decades thereafter are needed to rear children. A man doesn’t have to put forth as much capital as a woman. Besides the obvious outside resources, a woman must put forth an exorbitant amount of physical capital. And because humans and their reproductive organs have shelf lives, the choice between the stud and the dud could be a matter of life and death. For starters, women are attracted to a very important part of human physical appearance. This is facial appearance and it differs for men and women. For women, Levay and Valente argue that there are many variables in the attractiveness of faces. The four factors that most cognitive and Evolutionary Psychologists are concerned with are left-right symmetry, averageness, masculinity-femininity and colloquially put, babyfaceness. Just as animals look for symmetry in their mates, so do humans. The more symmetrical a person’s face is, the more attractive they are to others (Grammer and Thornhill, 1994). Experiments that have subjects rate the attractiveness of people in photos show that the most symmetrical faces win (Scheib et al., 1999). Facial symmetry can divulge details about a persons’ health as the same genetic instructions account for both sides of the body. If the development is halted or misguided, a high degree of Fluctuating Asymmetry can occur. This term refers to the change in the symmetrical features of the body when a variable such as a parasite is introduced. Fluctuating Asymmetry is a signal that there were no major upsets during development, such as infection or traumatic illness. Symmetrical qualities help deduce susceptibility to disease. Humans with better symmetrical features were found to suffer less major diseases such as schizophrenia, extremely premature birth, and retar dation amongst other physical and psychological stressors (Shackelford and Larsen, 1997). Women also look at other facial cues such as jaw width, lip size, chin size and amount of facial hair. What complicates this is the fact that the preferences for these features change during the female menstrual cycle. Women are more likely to prefer men of masculine features (larger jaw, chin and supra-occipital ridgeline) during ovulation (Penton-Voak and Perrett, 2000; Johnston et al., 2001). The idea is that women may be primed to venture forth and sniff out â€Å"good genes† or rather, ones that show physical superiority, during times of fertility. Women conversely find neo-natal features ideal when ovulation is not occurring. Wide-eyes and smooth, hairless skin are attributes of a gentler persona and heavily linked to infancy. Women look for these features in men when infertile as they are indicators of a long-term mate who will not be straying away from home in search of other potential sex partners (Penton, Voek 1999). There are other features that women find attractive in men. The term â€Å"desperation is a stinky cologne† is validated in the world of evolution. Margo Wilson and Martin Daly of McMaster University in Canada have studied jealousy across cultures and concluded that is universally human. No culture can be seen to exist without but the consequences are usually the same. In his chapter in The Red Queen (1993), Matt Ridley states that jealousy is espoused from low self-esteem; a generally negative trait in pair bond selections. â€Å"Jealousy shows low self-esteem, they say, and emotional dependency. Indeed it does, and that is exactly what the evolutionary theory would predict. A man held in low esteem by his wife is exactly the kind of person in danger of being cuckolded, for she has the motive to seek a better father for her children† (237). Ridley conjectures that women are always looking for the best fathers for their children and may even look to outside sources for genetic material, all the while having the current partner believe he is raising his own flesh and blood. He goes on to state that though polygamy is rare in hunter-gatherer societies, adultery however, is everywhere (229). Concealed ovulation can ensure that a child’s true DNA is not discovered. Cuckoldry is thus able to conceal itself at least, until the child develops a strange compulsion to deliver milk to neighbors’ doors. As humorous as this scenario is, the advantage of concealed ovulation is that the woman can get the more sought after genetics with a father more likely to give more resources in raising the child. Even more interesting is that Baker and Bellis found women retained more sperm when they went greater lengths without sex. Furthermore, the duo found non-faithful women to have high-retention orgasms with extra-marital lovers 70 percent of the time. The unfaithful women in these studies only achieved high-retention orgasms 40 percent of the time with their partner whom they claimed loyalty toward. It is of interest to note that these high-retention orgasms occurred only 55 percent of the time in relationships with faithful women. Are women doomed to try and mate at different times with multiple partners? Not necessarily. As mentioned before with male jealousy, other factors in a relationship can determine a woman’s adulterous choices. The female race therefore is not doomed to a life paralleling day-time dramas. However, consideration must be given to this these conflicts. Though the concept of adultery arose when rock music was in its literal form, it still pervades today. Infidelity is a vestige of humanity’s ancestral past. Waist Not, Want Not Though male preference for sexual selection in females seems to be less complicated, there are some interesting differences to consider for the Y chromosome. Human males have been found to enjoy not slender women but slender waists. The coveted â€Å"Waist-to-Hip-Ratio† has an important influence on sexual desire. Because women store fat in the areas of their hips after puberty, their waist is smaller, giving the appearance of the hour-glass figure. A waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7-0.9 is found to be the ticket to drive men wild (Levay, 222-223). These ratios have held up across cultures as well. The pre-conceived notion that larger breasts increased attractiveness was dismissed and though men did prefer larger than average breasts, women’s estimation on what men found insatiable was far from the mark (Thompson, Tantleff, 1992). The Hair Essentials Fact: hair grows fastest in 16-24 year old women. Consequently perhaps, younger women tend to wear their hair longer than older women (Hinsz et al., 2001). If you’re a man looking for a mate, it seems that younger women may be predisposed to play with their locks and men may be predisposed to detect it. The popular â€Å"hair-flip† was proved to be more prevalent in women in search of a mate (Moore, 1985). Men it turns out, love it. Long hair is a definite turn-on as Mesko and Bereczkei found in 2004. Men rated women’s youth, femininity and sexiness with long/medium length hair having a significant positive effect on these ratings. Long hair also increased men’s perception of the female subject’s overall health. Grammer (2001) backed up this claim and even hypothesized that longer hair allowed for greater pheromone dispersal. It’s no wonder that the trips to the salon for women are on average, much pricier than for men. Human evolution has played a significant role in the rules of engagement pertaining to sex. Studies are being amassed and as more information is gathered, it is more apparent that this field is tantamount to others within psychology. Though the traits governing attraction were developed long before civilized societies had arisen, their reverberations can be felt to this day. Advertising, the internet, instant messaging and a plethora of other technological advances have augmented the original mating rituals of humanity’s past, yet the biology still pervades. Some studies seem trite or obvious while others show a counterintuitive truth. As interesting as this is, it is still in the backlogs of popular culture as businesses and individuals continue to marginalize one gender, dismissing another though compelling evidence and research points elsewhere. Future observations on how technology will change human sexual development will be interesting and may even change some popular my ths about both sexes. Most importantly, what remain unchanged are the differences in attractive qualities and demands for Sexual Selection in humans through thousands of years. References Daly, M., Wilson, M., and Weghorst, J. (1982). Male sexual jealousy. Ethology and Sociobiology, 3, 11-27. Ehlich P., (2000). Human Natures: Genes, Cultures and the Human Prospect. New York, NY: Island Press. Fink, B., Grammer, K. Thornhill, R. (2001). Human (homo sapiens) Facial Attractiveness in Relation to Skin Texture and Color. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 115 (1), 92–99. Grammer, K., Thornhill, R. (1994). Human (homo sapiens) Facial Attractiveness and Sexual Selection: The Role of Symmetry and Avergeness. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108, 233-243. Johnston, V. S., et al. (2001), Male Facial Attractiveness: Evidence for a Hormone-Mediated Asaptive Design. Evolutionary Human Behaviour, 22, 251-267. Knowner, R. (1996). Facial Asymettry and the Attractiveness Judgment in Developmental Perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 662-675. LeVay S., Valente S. (2006). Human Sexuality. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Sinauer Associates. Penton-Voak, I. S., Perrett, D. I. (2000). Female Preference for Male Faced Changes Cyclically. Evolutionary Human Behaviour, 21, 39-48 Ridley. M., (1993). The Red: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature. New York, NY: Penguin Books. Shackelford, T. K., Buss, D. M. (1996). Betrayal in mateships, friendships, and coalitions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22 , 1151-1164. Scheib, J. E., Gangestad, S. W., Thornhill, R. (1999). Facial Attractiveness, Symmetry, and Cues to Good Genes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 266-1913-1917. Zimmer C, (2001). Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea. New York, NY: Harper Collins. Research Papers on The Evolution of AttractionInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringResearch Process Part OneAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Fifth Horseman19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

How do you imagine social interaction within 10 years, taking into Essay

How do you imagine social interaction within 10 years, taking into consideration the impact of technology on human relations - Essay Example This paper tends to shed light on how I imagine social interaction within 10 years to come. It is important to understand first what social interaction actually is. Social interaction means the connection between people that lends them a sense of belonging to each other (Doise & Palmonari 2011; Nash & Calonica 2010). It is the bond that makes people share their ideas, views, feelings, emotions, and sentiments with each other; and, this process becomes the basis of a strong society where people love and respect each other, and take care of each other in the hour of need. Physical presence of a person is part and parcel of healthy social interaction in which persons relate to each other by being physically present to address their needs and feelings. In the recent years, the concept of social interaction has totally changed. Today, we are connected to hundreds of friends in the online community, but we are oblivious of the person sitting next to us, who may be our parent, our spouse, o ur child, our neighbor, or a relative. We share pictures and ideas with hundreds of people online, but we give a damn about what the person feels or think who is sitting in the same room as ours. This discussion of change in social interaction as seen today forms the basis of how I imagine social interaction in 10 years to come. ... People will convey their feelings in the digital format- feelings that they could never have conveyed in person; however, this conveyance of feelings will lack the emotional touch of understanding and compassion. The basic essence of social interaction is talking, which is becoming void even today but will disappear totally in 10 years to come. Just like libraries, physical communication will vanish. Elderly will yearn to see their children offline; while, the latter will have no time to even turn on the Skype. In 10 years, people will start relying on technology to improve their ways of communication. People have already started realizing the fact that technology has snatched away their power of being physically present; and, the proof is the introduction of audio messaging, and video chats such as Skype and Facebook video chat. In coming years, the need of face interaction will be felt even more, which will make experts devise more sophisticated ways of improved communication. 4D e xperiences may be one example of improved means of communication, which cannot be imagined today. However, despite a loss in the sense of belonging to each other, social interaction has also seen much advancement too. It would be unfair to deny the pros of technological advancements that have come with internet, online services, and online social networks such as Facebook and Twitter. People stay connected to their social circle 24/7. I guess that in 10 years to come, there will be so many highly sophisticated tools and applications that will aid communication in an amazing way. Who knows the need for being physically present may vanish totally in 10 years? Did we know that we could have a